History of Jainism – An artifact of significant historical and religious import, a 1st- to 2nd-century CE water tank relief panel from Mathura (Brooklyn Museum 87.188.5), shows two ardhaphalaka Jain monks holding a colapatta cloth. This depiction of the cloth, used for genital covering, provides evidence of a practice among ancient Jain monks that resonates with the tenets of the Svetambara sect. Image source: Brooklyn Museum / Wikipedia
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The Origins of Jainism
Jainism, one of the oldest religions in India, has a rich history that dates back to the 6th century BCE. Its origins lie in the teachings of Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara, who is often regarded as a significant reformer of the ancient Jain tradition. Mahavira, born into a royal family, renounced his worldly possessions at the age of 30 to attain spiritual enlightenment and ultimately became a prominent figure in guiding people toward the path of ahimsa (non-violence) and truth.
This religious path draws from earlier spiritual figures, most notably Parshva, the 23rd Tirthankara, whose teachings laid foundational principles that Mahavira later expanded upon. Parshva promoted the concepts of non-possessiveness and non-violence, which resonated strongly with the socio-cultural milieu of his time. Mahavira continued this legacy, formalizing these beliefs into a more structured framework during his years of ascetic practice and eventual enlightenment.
The core principles of Jainism, including the Three Jewels of Right Faith, Right Knowledge, and Right Conduct, were established during this period and remain central to Jain philosophy. Additionally, Mahavira’s emphasis on self-discipline, meditation, and ethical living set a precedent for future generations of Jains. This profound focus on spiritual liberation through the practice of non-violence contributed to the formation of a community that would endure for centuries.
Notably, Mahavira’s teachings led to the establishment of various Jain sects, such as the Digambara and Svetambara, each with unique interpretations of Jain doctrines. Despite these differences, the fundamental principles remain consistent across the sects, reflecting Mahavira’s initial teachings. The historical evolution of Jainism, shaped by the lives of Mahavira and preceding Tirthankaras, is a testament to its enduring relevance in today’s spiritual landscape.
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This presentation aims to provide a comprehensive exploration of Jainism, beginning with a foundational introduction to its core philosophy and practical applications. Recognizing that audience members may have varying levels of familiarity with the tradition, we will establish a clear understanding of key Jain principles. Subsequently, we will delve into a profound and often overlooked contribution of Jain thought to universal wisdom: the doctrines of relativity, specifically anekāntavāda.
Core Beliefs and Principles of Jainism
The foundation of Jainism is built upon core beliefs and principles that guide its followers towards spiritual liberation. The key core beliefs and principles:
Ahimsa (Non-violence):
This is the cornerstone of Jain’s philosophy. It extends beyond physical violence to include non-violence in thought and speech. Jains strive to minimize harm to all living beings, from the smallest insects to humans.
Anekāntavāda (Non-absolutism):
This doctrine asserts that reality is multifaceted and that truth can have multiple perspectives. It encourages open-mindedness and tolerance towards different viewpoints.
Aparigraha (Non-possessiveness):
This principle emphasizes detachment from material possessions and the avoidance of greed. It promotes a simple lifestyle and the cultivation of inner peace.
Karma and Reincarnation:
Jains believe in the concept of karma, which they view as subtle particles that attach to the soul based on one’s actions. The goal is to purify the soul by shedding karma, ultimately leading to liberation (moksha) from the cycle of birth and death.
The Soul (Jiva):
Jainism posits that all living beings possess a soul (jiva), which is eternal and inherently pure. The soul is distinct from the physical body.
Moksha (Liberation):
The ultimate goal of Jainism is to achieve moksha, a state of liberation from the cycle of reincarnation. This is attained by purifying the soul through right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct.
Rejection of a Creator God:
Jainism does not believe in a creator god. It emphasizes individual responsibility for one’s spiritual development.
The Tirthankaras:
Jains revere the Tirthankaras, enlightened beings who have achieved liberation and serve as spiritual guides. Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara, is a central figure in Jainism.
These principles form the foundation of Jain ethics and guide the lives of its followers.
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In the diverse religious landscape of India, Jainism stands out with its core values and practices that often present a stark contrast to those of other faiths. The commitment to absolute non-violence, truthfulness, non-stealing, celibacy, and non-possession, coupled with practices like fasting and self-control, can seem exceptionally stringent to external observers. For Jains, embracing these seemingly rigid disciplines is not a burden, but rather a dedicated and personal test of their faith, a journey of self-purification and spiritual ascent.
Key Festivals in Jainism
Jainism, with its emphasis on spiritual purification and non-violence, features several significant celebrations and festivals that reflect its core principles. Here are some of the key ones:
Paryushana Parva:
This is considered one of the most important Jain festivals. The central themes of Paryushana Parva are repentance, forgiveness, and the cultivation of inner peace. While Śvetāmbara Jains observe this sacred period for eight days, Digambara Jains extend the observance to ten days, referring to it as Das Lakshana Parva, focusing on the ten cardinal virtues.
A defining characteristic of Paryushana Parva is the profound emphasis on Kshamapana, the act of seeking and granting forgiveness. At the culmination of the festival, Jains recite the Micchami Dukkadam prayer, expressing sincere remorse and requesting forgiveness from all beings. Throughout Paryushana Parva, Jains engage in various spiritual practices, including fasting, scriptural study, meditation, and participation in religious discourses.
Mahavir Jayanti:
Mahavir Jayanti, a significant and joyous occasion in the Jain calendar, commemorates the birth of Lord Mahavira, the 24th and last Tirthankara of the current cosmic age. Celebrated with deep reverence and spiritual fervor, this festival serves as a poignant reminder of Mahavira’s teachings and his profound impact on Jain philosophy. The celebrations typically involve grand processions, where devotees carry images of Lord Mahavira through streets, accompanied by chanting and devotional songs.
Temples are adorned with decorations, and special prayers and religious discourses are held, focusing on Mahavira’s life and teachings. It’s a time for devotees to reaffirm their commitment to the path of righteousness, to strengthen their adherence to the Three Jewels—Right Faith, Right Knowledge, and Right Conduct—and to strive for a life guided by compassion and ethical living.
Diwali:
While Diwali is most widely recognized as a major Hindu festival, it carries a distinct and profound significance within the Jainism tradition. For Jains, Diwali commemorates the Nirvana, or liberation, of Lord Mahavira, the 24th and final Tirthankara of this current cosmic age. This event, marking Mahavira’s attainment of moksha, is a pivotal moment in Jain history, symbolizing the triumph of light over spiritual darkness.
Jains observe Diwali with reverence and solemnity, engaging in prayers, meditation, and the recitation of sacred texts. The day is also observed as Lord Mahavira Nirvana Divas. Many Jain businesses also begin their new accounting year after Diwali. Therefore, while sharing the external symbolism of light, the inner meaning of Diwali for Jains is deeply rooted in their unique spiritual history and aspirations.
Akshaya Tritiya:
Akshaya Tritiya, a day of profound significance in the Jain calendar, commemorates the culmination of Lord Rishabhanatha’s arduous penance. As the first Tirthankara, Lord Rishabhanatha embarked on an extended period of austerity, enduring a prolonged fast. This festival marks the day when he finally received ahara (food) after a year of rigorous spiritual practice. The narrative surrounding this event highlights the importance of dana (charity) and the virtues of offering sustenance to ascetics.
Beyond simply marking a historical event, Akshaya Tritiya is considered an exceptionally auspicious day for Jains. The term “Akshaya” itself translates to “imperishable” or “eternal,” signifying the enduring spiritual benefits gained through acts of charity and devotion performed on this day. Furthermore, Akshaya Tritiya is also associated with the remembrance of the importance of overcoming obstacles on the spiritual path.
Mahamastakabhisheka:
The Mahamastakabhisheka, a truly spectacular and deeply revered Jain festival, takes place once every twelve years in the sacred town of Shravanabelagola, located in the Indian state of Karnataka. This grand ceremony centers around the majestic monolithic statue of Lord Bahubali, also known as Gommateshwara, a figure of immense spiritual significance within Jainism. Standing at an impressive 57 feet tall, this ancient statue, carved from a single granite rock, becomes the focal point of an elaborate and meticulously choreographed ritual.
The core of the Mahamastakabhisheka involves the ceremonial anointing of the Bahubali statue with a diverse array of sacred substances. This ritualistic bathing, or abhisheka, is performed by thousands of devotees and monks, who ascend the Vindhyagiri hill to participate in this once-in-a-lifetime event. The anointing process is accompanied by chants, prayers, and devotional songs, creating an atmosphere of intense spiritual fervor.
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Lord Bahubali, also widely known as Gommateshwara, is a highly revered figure within Jainism, particularly among the Digambara sect. His significance stems from his exemplary act of renunciation and his attainment of profound spiritual enlightenment. According to Jain texts, Bahubali was one of the sons of the first Tirthankara, Lord Rishabhanatha. His story emphasizes the Jain principles of detachment from worldly possessions and the pursuit of liberation. Bahubali famously renounced his kingdom and engaged in intense meditation, standing motionless for an extended period. The most iconic representation of Bahubali is the colossal monolithic statue located in Shravanabelagola, Karnataka, India.
The Daily Life of a Jain Practitioner
The daily life of a Jain practitioner is deeply intertwined with their spiritual beliefs and ethical principles. Central to this way of life are strict dietary restrictions. Jains adhere to a vegetarian diet that prohibits the consumption of meat, fish, and eggs. Furthermore, many follow additional guidelines, such as abstaining from root vegetables, which are believed to harbor numerous living organisms. This practice exemplifies the core Jain principle of ahimsa, or non-violence, whereby practitioners avoid causing harm to any living beings.
Incorporating rituals and prayers into their daily routines is vital for Jains. Every morning, practitioners engage in prayers, often reciting sacred texts and reflecting on their teachings. This daily spiritual practice serves not only as a means of connecting with the divine but also as a reminder to uphold ethical values throughout the day. Meditation is also prevalent, offering individuals a chance to cultivate inner peace and mindfulness, which is crucial for personal growth and ethical living.
Observance of fasts is another significant aspect of a Jain’s daily life. Jains may choose to fast during specific periods, such as the holy month of Paryushana, where heightened spirituality is encouraged. Fasting fosters self-discipline and is seen as a path to attain greater spiritual clarity. This commitment to fasting aligns with a more profound focus on self-purification and ethical living.
Moreover, Jains integrate their beliefs into both their professional and personal lives. Many practitioners engage in vocations that align with their principles, such as farming, teaching, or community service. Jain communities often emphasize truthfulness, integrity, and compassion in all interactions, enhancing social harmony and collective well-being. Thus, the daily life of a Jain practitioner is a profound blend of ritual, ethical dedication, and community involvement, reflecting their unwavering commitment to live by their values.
Final Say
In examining the profound philosophy of Jainism, it becomes evident that its teachings continue to hold significant relevance in contemporary society. The core principles of non-violence, truthfulness, and asceticism demand a serious reflection on our interactions with each other and the environment. As we navigate complex global challenges, the commitment to ahimsa (non-violence) offers a framework that encourages respect and compassion for all forms of life, fostering peace amidst conflict.
Jainism advocates for the idea of ujjar (liberation) through self-discipline and ethical living, which resonates deeply in today’s fast-paced and often chaotic world. The notion of self-restraint is increasingly pivotal as individuals and societies strive to address issues such as environmental degradation, social injustice, and materialistic pursuits. By embracing Jain principles, one can cultivate mindfulness in daily actions, promoting sustainable living and a harmonious existence with nature.
Furthermore, Jainism teaches the importance of empathy and humility. These values play a crucial role in fostering dialogue and mutual respect across diverse cultures and belief systems. As global citizens, understanding the teachings of Jainism can enable us to build bridges rather than walls, thus enhancing cooperation and coexistence among different communities.