The 4-inch twin MK XIX Mounting Naval Gun was a British low-velocity naval gun, primarily used during World War II. Designed for dual-purpose use, it was mounted on small warships such as corvettes and frigates, mainly for anti-submarine warfare and limited anti-aircraft defense. The gun fired a 35-pound shell and had a maximum range of approximately 9,700 yards at an elevation of +40°. Image source: Wikimedia
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Disclaimer: The information mentioned in this post was sourced from various websites & defense portals.
HMS Victory, a 104-gun first-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, was known for its impressive firepower. Launched in 1765, it carried a formidable array of weapons, including 30 long pattern Blomefield 32-pounders on the gundeck, 28 long 24-pounders on the middle gundeck, and 30 short 12-pounders on the upper gundeck. Additionally, the quarterdeck housed 12 short 12-pounders, and the forecastle was equipped with 2 medium 12-pounders and 2 heavy 68-pounder carronades. Image source: Wikipedia
Contents
The use of cannons on ships dates back to the 14th century. These early naval guns were relatively small and were primarily used for close-range combat. They were mounted on the ship’s deck and fired solid iron balls or stone projectiles. Over time, advancements in gunpowder technology led to the development of larger and more powerful naval guns.
During the Age of Sail in the 17th and 18th centuries, naval warfare saw the rise of massive warships known as ships of the line. These ships were armed with multiple rows of cannons on each side, capable of firing broadsides at enemy vessels. The size and firepower of these naval guns played a crucial role in determining the outcome of naval battles during this era.
As naval warfare evolved, so did the design and capabilities of naval guns. The development of rifling, which involved the addition of spiral grooves inside the gun barrel, greatly improved the accuracy and range of naval guns. This innovation allowed for more precise targeting of enemy ships, increasing the effectiveness of naval artillery.
In addition to rifling, the introduction of breech-loading mechanisms further enhanced the firepower of naval guns. Breech-loading guns allowed for faster reloading, as the ammunition could be loaded from the rear of the gun rather than from the muzzle. This innovation reduced the time between shots, enabling ships to unleash a continuous barrage of fire on their adversaries.
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One of the modern improvements to the old naval guns is the invention of the turrets, auto-loading, rapid firing and auto-firing mechanism. Modern naval guns can even pick different types of ammunition without any major effort from the operators.
As the 19th century progressed, naval gun technology continued to evolve. One notable advancement was the development of breech-loading guns. Unlike muzzle-loading guns, which required the projectile and propellant to be loaded from the front of the barrel, breech-loading guns allowed for the loading of ammunition from the rear of the gun. This significantly increased the rate of fire, as the gun crew no longer had to go through the time-consuming process of ramming the projectile and propellant down the barrel.
Another important development was the introduction of quick-firing guns. These guns had a mechanism that allowed for rapid reloading and firing. This was achieved through the use of a cartridge case that contained both the projectile and propellant. The gun crew simply had to insert a new cartridge into the breech, close it, and fire. Quick-firing guns revolutionized naval warfare, as they could fire multiple rounds in quick succession, increasing the firepower of naval vessels.
Advancements in metallurgy also played a crucial role in naval gun technology. The use of stronger and more durable materials, such as steel, allowed for the construction of larger and more powerful guns. Steel barrels could withstand the high pressures generated by the propellant, enabling the development of guns with even greater range and destructive power.
Today, modern naval guns are highly advanced and capable of delivering devastating firepower. They are designed to engage a variety of targets, including other ships, aircraft, and shore installations. Let’s look at some of the modern naval guns currently in use by major naval powers worldwide.
This type of gun was equipped on some of the US’s modern & powerful ships namely the Ticonderoga-class cruiser, Arleigh Burke-class destroyer, Kidd-class cruiser, and Spruance-class destroyer. In ASEAN, only Thailand had this type of gun on its naval ships. Photo of the crew of USS Forest Sherman (DDG 98) test fires the five-inch gun on the bow of the ship for training purposes. Image source: Wikipedia
United States
Start Service: 1971
Rate of fire: 16–20 rounds per minute
Effective firing range: 24.1 km to 37.0 km
Muzzle velocity: 760 m/s
Mass: 21,691 kg
Length: 8.992 m
Shell: 31.75 kg
Caliber: 54 mm
The Mark 45 5-inch naval gun is designed and built by United Defense, now part of BAE Systems Land & Armaments. With its origins tracing back to the 1960s, it was developed as a replacement for the older Mark 42 gun system. It boasts a 54-caliber barrel, capable of firing 16 to 20 rounds per minute automatically, with an effective range of up to 13 nautical miles, or 24.1 kilometers, which can extend to 20 nautical miles (37.0 km) with the Mod 4 variant.
The gun’s design facilitates engagement with surface warships, anti-aircraft, and shore bombardment to support amphibious operations. Its automatic loader can hold 20 rounds, allowing for rapid fire, and for sustained operations, a six-person crew below deck ensures a continuous supply of ammunition. The Mark 45’s versatility is further enhanced by its compatibility with the Mk 86 Gun Fire Control System or the Mk 34 Gun Weapon System, making it a formidable asset against a variety of targets.
In service since 1971, the Mark 45 has undergone several modifications to enhance its capabilities. The Mod 0 variant was the original, followed by subsequent upgrades that improved its technical specifications and operational efficiency. The latest Mod 4 version features a longer barrel, increasing its range and lethality. The gun’s elevation and traverse rates allow for swift targeting adjustments, crucial in dynamic combat scenarios.
The Mark 45’s ammunition types are diverse, including conventional rounds and guided shells, which enable precision strikes. This adaptability makes the Mark 45 suitable for a wide range of missions, from naval gunfire support to engaging fast-moving aerial targets. Its impact on naval strategy is significant, providing fleets with a balance of firepower and precision that enhances their tactical options at sea.
The Russian naval doctrine emphasizes not only the firepower but also the strategic versatility of their vessels, allowing them to operate effectively in different combat scenarios. Despite the size of the ship, the armament is proportionately heavy, ensuring that each vessel can deliver a powerful punch and maintain a strong defensive posture in maritime conflicts. Image source: Reddit
Russia
Start Service: 1985
Rate of fire: 10-40 rounds per minute
Effective firing range: 15 km to 23 km
Muzzle velocity: 850 m/s
Mass: NA
Length: 9.100 m
Shell: 86.2 kg
Caliber: 130 mm
The Russian AK-130 naval gun is an automatic dual-barrel naval cannon with a caliber of 130 millimeters, capable of firing 10-40 rounds per minute per barrel. The design of the AK-130 began in 1976 at KB Arsenal, with the first single-barrel version being the A-217, followed by the twin-barrel A-218, which was chosen for its higher rate of fire. The cannon was adopted into service on November 1, 1985, after extensive trials on the Project 956 destroyer.
Innovations of the AK-130 include a unitary cannon cartridge and an automatic loading system, which allows for continuous firing until the ammunition storage is depleted. The high rate of fire, combined with various types of shells, enables the AK-130 to serve effectively as anti-aircraft artillery.
The fire control system is sophisticated, featuring sight correction devices for bursts of falling shells and a target post for firing at coastal targets. The guidance system, Lev-218 (MR-184), was developed based on the Lev-114 and can track two targets simultaneously, with a range of 75 km and a tracking range of 40 km.
This naval gun has seen service not only in the Russian Navy but also has been used by the People’s Republic of China, which purchased improved Sovremenny class destroyers equipped with the AK-130. The gun’s characteristics, such as its liquid-cooled barrels and triaxial stabilization, make it one of the most powerful naval gun systems in service today.
Its capabilities extend to engaging surface targets, aircraft, and even missiles, with a maximum firing range of 23,000 meters for surface targets, 15,000 meters for aircraft, and 8,000 meters for missiles.
The OTO Melara 76 mm gun, renowned for its versatility and reliability, is a staple in modern naval warfare. It has been adopted by over sixty navies globally, including the Royal Malaysian Navy, which has integrated this weapon system into the Laksamana and Kedah class corvettes. These classes of ships, with their Italian and German design influences, respectively, represent a blend of European naval engineering prowess. Image source: Wikipedia
Italy
Start Service: 1963
Rate of fire: 85-120 rounds per minute
Effective firing range: 16 km to 40 km
Muzzle velocity: 915 m/s
Mass: 75,000 kg
Length: 4.724 m
Shell: 12.5 kg
Caliber: 62 mm
The Italian OTO Melara 76 mm naval gun, also known as the OTO 76/62 Gun Mount, is a highly versatile and powerful autocannon designed for naval use. Its development began in the early 1960s with the Compact variant, and it has since evolved into the Super Rapid and Strales versions, each offering improvements in rate of fire and capabilities.
The gun is renowned for its high rate of fire, which reaches up to 120 rounds per minute in the Super Rapid variant, and its ability to accommodate a variety of ammunition types, including armor-piercing, incendiary, and guided rounds capable of neutralizing maneuvering anti-ship missiles.
The OTO Melara 76 mm gun is compact enough to be installed on relatively small warships, yet powerful enough to provide effective short-range anti-missile point defense, anti-aircraft, anti-surface, and ground support roles. This flexibility has made it a popular choice for navies around the world, with over sixty navies utilizing this weapon system. The gun’s design includes a stealth cupola option to reduce radar cross-section, enhancing the survivability of the vessel it is mounted on.
In terms of ammunition, the gun can fire a range of specialized projectiles, such as the DART guided round designed for countering complex, maneuvering targets, and the VULCANO long-range guided ammunition for precision strikes. The system’s elevation and traverse capabilities allow for a wide engagement envelope, which is critical for responding to rapidly evolving threats in a maritime environment.
The OTO Melara 76 mm gun has also been produced under license in other countries, such as the Fajr-27 by Iran, which is a reverse-engineered version of the Compact gun variant. The gun’s widespread adoption is a testament to its reliability, ease of integration, and adaptability to various combat scenarios, making it a mainstay in modern naval arsenals.
Its continued use and development reflect the ongoing need for versatile and reliable naval armaments in an era where threats can come from above the water, on the surface, and from the air. The OTO Melara 76 mm naval gun stands as a prime example of Italian defense engineering and a key asset in naval defense strategy.
The 4.5-inch Mark 8 naval gun, a mainstay of British naval artillery, has been in service since 1972. It is a versatile weapon system designed for use against surface, air, and shore targets. This gun has seen action in several conflicts, including the Falklands War and the Iraq War, and continues to be an integral part of the Royal Navy’s destroyers and frigates. Image source: Wikipedia
United Kingdom
Start Service: 1972
Rate of fire: 25 rounds per minute
Effective firing range: 27.5 km
Muzzle velocity: NA
Mass: NA
Length: 6.217 m
Shell: 21 kg
Caliber: 113 mm
The 4.5-inch Mark 8 naval gun, for instance, is a staple on the Royal Navy’s frigates and destroyers, providing a balance of firepower and precision for naval gunfire support.
The 30 mm DS-30B Mk 1 and DS30M Mark 2 naval guns are automated systems, equipped with the Mark 44 Bushmaster II cannon, and are deployed on various vessels including Type 23 frigates and Type 45 destroyers for close-range defense against fast inshore attack craft.
Additionally, the Oerlikon 20 mm cannon and the Browning .50-calibre heavy machine gun are part of the Royal Navy’s arsenal, serving on different classes of ships for various defensive roles. These modern systems reflect the UK’s commitment to maintaining a formidable and versatile naval force, capable of protecting its waters and interests across the globe.
The integration of advanced targeting systems and automation ensures that these weapons remain effective in the fast-paced, technology-driven field of maritime defense.
The Bofors 57 mm gun, originating from Sweden, represents a significant advancement in naval artillery. Its design evolved from the twin-barreled 57 mm guns of the 1950s, which were themselves developments of the 40 mm guns used during World War II. The modern iterations of this gun, particularly the Mark 3 version, boast remarkable improvements in automation, rate of fire, and ammunition technology, making them a formidable presence on naval vessels around the world. Image source: Wikipedia
The Royal Malaysian Navy operates a range of naval guns on its ships. One of the primary guns in service is the Bofors 57 mm gun, which is a highly versatile and accurate weapon system. It is capable of engaging surface targets, aircraft, and shore installations with high precision.
Additionally, the Malaysian Navy also uses the MSI DS30M Mk2 30 mm gun system, which provides close-range defense against small boats, surface targets, and low-flying aircraft.
In addition to these guns, the Malaysian Navy also equips its ships with the Oto Melara 76 mm gun. This powerful weapon system is capable of engaging a wide range of targets, including surface vessels, aircraft, and shore installations. The Oto Melara 76 mm gun is known for its high rate of fire and accuracy, making it an essential asset for the Malaysian Navy.
Furthermore, the Royal Malaysian Navy has recently acquired the Naval Strike Missile (NSM) system, which is a long-range, precision strike weapon. The NSM is capable of engaging both sea and land targets at distances of up to 200 kilometers. With its advanced guidance system and stealthy characteristics, the NSM provides the Malaysian Navy with a significant capability to deter and counter potential threats.
Moreover, the Malaysian Navy also employs the BAE Systems 40 Mk4 naval gun system. This gun, with its advanced technology and high rate of fire, is designed to engage a variety of targets, including surface vessels and aircraft. The BAE Systems 40 Mk4 gun provides the Malaysian Navy with enhanced firepower and flexibility in combat scenarios.
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Final Say
The evolution of naval warfare has seen a significant shift from the dominance of massive battleships, epitomized by the Iowa-class USS Missouri, to a more diverse array of combat strategies and technologies.
The USS Missouri, with its formidable 400mm guns capable of delivering devastating firepower over a range of nearly 50 kilometers, represented the pinnacle of naval gunnery, particularly during operations such as the D-Day beach bombardment. However, the advent of missile technology has transformed the landscape of naval combat. Despite this, naval guns have not been rendered obsolete; they have adapted to fulfill new roles within modern naval strategy.
In contemporary warfare, naval guns serve as a versatile component of a ship’s armament, providing a cost-effective and reliable option for both defense and offense. The Falkland War is a prime example of the enduring relevance of naval guns, where they played a critical role in the conflict’s naval engagements.
Modern naval guns, while not as large as their predecessors, are highly effective in various scenarios, including shore bombardment, anti-ship warfare, and providing fire support for ground forces. Their utility extends beyond traditional ship-to-ship combat to encompass asymmetric threats such as fast attack craft and swarming tactics employed by smaller vessels.
The integration of advanced fire control systems and precision-guided munitions has further enhanced the capability of naval guns, allowing them to engage targets with greater accuracy and lethality. These technological advancements have revitalized the role of naval guns in the anti-ship role, where they can deliver precise strikes against enemy vessels, particularly in constrained maritime environments like straits and littoral zones.
Additionally, naval guns are now an integral part of a multi-layered defense system against aerial threats, including low-performance aircraft and incoming missiles, supplementing the ship’s missile-based defense systems.
In conclusion, while the era of colossal battleships and their massive naval guns may have passed, the strategic importance of naval artillery remains significant in modern warfare. The adaptability and continued modernization of naval guns ensure their place as a critical element of naval forces, capable of delivering versatile and potent firepower in a variety of combat scenarios.
The legacy of the USS Missouri and its contemporaries lives on, not only in the history books but also in the ongoing evolution of naval weaponry and tactics. The role of naval guns in modern warfare, therefore, is not just a remnant of the past but a testament to the enduring nature of naval power and innovation.