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2025

History 101: The Legacy of Legendary Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj India History

The painting portrays the dramatic meeting in 1666 when Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, the founder of the Maratha Empire, was summoned to Aurangzeb’s court in Agra. According to historical accounts, this encounter was marked by tension, as Shivaji, a regional power, faced the mighty Mughal emperor at the height of his authority. Dhurandhar’s work captures this clash of personalities and ideologies, emphasizing Shivaji’s defiance and dignity in the face of Aurangzeb’s imposing presence. Image source: M. V. Dhurandhar/Wikipedia

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Music 101: The Genius of John Williams And Iconic Themes

John Williams Music Movie Soundtrack Theme

John Williams, the legendary composer born in 1932 and 93 years old as of 2025, has left an indelible mark on cinema through his collaborations with visionary directors like Steven Spielberg and George Lucas. His unforgettable scores for films such as Star Wars (1977), Jaws (1975), Jurassic Park (1993), and Indiana Jones (1981) remain as powerful today as they were upon their release, some spanning nearly five decades. These iconic movie themes continue to evoke goosebumps, transporting audiences to worlds of adventure, wonder, and suspense with their sweeping orchestrations and emotional resonance. Image source: Star Wars

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Military 101: Modern Assault Rifles: A Global Perspective

M16 AK47 Assault Rifle Weapon Military

The M16 and AK-47 are iconic assault rifles with distinct characteristics: the M16, designed by Eugene Stoner and adopted by the U.S. military, is a lightweight, accurate, gas-operated rifle firing 5.56x45mm NATO rounds, offering a high rate of fire and effective range of around 600 meters, but it requires regular maintenance to avoid jamming in harsh conditions; in contrast, the AK-47, designed by Mikhail Kalashnikov for the Soviet Union, is a rugged, reliable, gas-operated rifle using 7.62x39mm rounds, with a shorter effective range of about 400 meters and less accuracy but superior durability and ease of use in adverse environments, making it a favorite in guerrilla warfare and among militaries worldwide. Image source: Wikipedia/Auge=mit – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0

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Space 101: The Big Search for The Elusive Extraterrestrial Life

SETI NRAO Extraterrestrial NASA Space Alien Astronomy

While no definitive evidence of extraterrestrial life has been confirmed, the sheer scale of the cosmos, coupled with the resilience of life in extreme Earth environments, strongly suggests we are not alone. The vastness of the universe, with its billions of galaxies, each containing billions of stars and potentially trillions of planets, makes it statistically improbable that Earth is the only planet harboring life. Image source: National Radio Astronomy Observatory

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Economy 101: The Legend of Warren Buffett & Wealth Creation

Warren Buffett Economy Investment Money Wealth

A photo of President Barack Obama meeting with Warren Buffett, the Chairman of Berkshire Hathaway, in the Oval Office, July 18, 2011. Warren Buffett, born August 30, 1930, in Omaha, Nebraska, is widely regarded as one of the greatest investors of all time and with a net worth of approximately $140 billion as of 2025, he has pledged to give away 99% of his wealth through the Giving Pledge, primarily to the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. His disciplined, patient approach—emphasizing economic moats, intrinsic value, and long-term ownership—has delivered outsized returns, outpacing the S&P 500 for decades. Image source: White House/Wikipedia

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Health 101: Dr. Peter Attia: A Secret Journey into Health and Longevity

Peter Attia Health Medical

Discover the transformative journey of Dr. Peter Attia, a leader in health optimization and longevity. With a background in mechanical engineering and advanced medical training, he advocates for personalized medicine that emphasizes preventive care and lifestyle choices. Learn about his research on metabolic health, his insights shared through podcasts and publications, and how technology is enhancing health tracking. Dr. Attia’s holistic approach prioritizes not only living longer but living better, inspiring individuals to take charge of their health journey. Image source: Wikipedia

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Know Your Car Basics 101: Important Fuel Efficiency Secrets

Petrol Station Subsidy Malaysia Fuel Efficiency

Fuel efficiency refers to the ability of a vehicle or system to maximize the distance traveled or work performed per unit of fuel consumed, typically measured in miles per gallon (MPG) or liters per 100 kilometers (L/100 km). It is influenced by factors such as engine design, vehicle weight, aerodynamics, driving habits, and road conditions. Efficient fuel use reduces costs, lowers greenhouse gas emissions, and conserves natural resources, making it a critical focus for sustainable transportation. Photo by Sergio Souza from Pexels

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Religion 101: Reincarnation – A Deep Dive into Its Ancient Concepts

Reincarnation Hinduism Religion Death Life

According to Hindu belief, reincarnation is an ongoing cycle where the soul is reborn into a new life, with the nature of that life determined by the karma accumulated in the present one. This cycle of birth and rebirth persists until the soul attains Nirvana, a state of liberation and ultimate spiritual fulfillment. Image source: Brown Pundits

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History 101: The Indus Valley Civilization: Ancient And Mysterious

Indus Valley Civilization Hindu India History

The Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3300–1300 BCE) was a Bronze Age civilization in northwest South Asia, centered along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India. One of the world’s earliest urban societies, alongside Mesopotamia and Egypt, it was known for major cities such as Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Dholavira, among others, characterized by advanced urban planning, grid layouts, standardized brick construction, and sophisticated drainage systems. Image source: Avantiputra7 – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0

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Hindi Movie Review 101: 12th Fail – A Powerful & Uplifting Tale of Resilience

12th Fail IAS Hindi India Exams Public Service

12th Fail (2023) is a biographical drama directed by Vidhu Vinod Chopra, based on the real-life story of IPS officer Manoj Kumar Sharma. The film follows Manoj, a young man from a poor village in Chambal, where cheating in exams is common. After failing his 12th-grade exams due to a crackdown on cheating, Manoj is inspired by an honest police officer to pursue a career in the Indian Police Service. Image source: IMDB

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Nature 101: Embracing Sustainable Living: Tips for a Greener Lifestyle

Green Sustainable Agriculture Environment

A green, sustainable lifestyle involves adopting practices that minimize environmental impact and promote ecological balance while meeting personal needs. It emphasizes reducing energy consumption through renewable sources, conserving water, minimizing waste via recycling and composting, and choosing eco-friendly products like biodegradable goods or second-hand items. Photo by Zen Chung / Pexels

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Military 101: India’s Formidable, Impressive Air Defence System

Air Defence System India Russia

The Vostok radar system is a family of advanced, mobile, 3D air surveillance radars developed by Russia, primarily for air defence and early warning. Designed by Almaz-Antey, it operates in the VHF band, offering long-range detection and tracking of various airborne targets up to 600 km away, including aircraft, missiles, and drones, even in challenging environments with electronic countermeasures. Image source: Unsplash

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