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Know Your Car Basics 101: Oxygen Sensors – Function and Faulty Implications

Oxygen Sensor Car Vehicle Engine Maintenance

An oxygen sensor is a vital component of a vehicle’s engine management system, essential for monitoring oxygen levels in exhaust gases to optimize fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. This comprehensive guide covers the operation, types, and importance of oxygen sensors, symptoms of faults, and the steps for diagnosis and replacement. Learn how to maintain these crucial sensors to ensure peak automotive performance and compliance with emission standards. Image source: Wikipedia / By Martin Olsson

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Military 101: The Evolution of Anti-Tank Weapons in World War II

Anti-Tank Bazooka Military Weapon World War 2

The Bazooka, officially known as the M1 rocket launcher, was a groundbreaking American anti-tank weapon introduced in 1942 during World War II, revolutionizing infantry warfare by providing foot soldiers with a portable means to combat armored vehicles. This shoulder-fired, 2.36-inch diameter tube launched fin-stabilized, high-explosive shaped-charge rockets (like the M6) up to 200 yards effectively, penetrating up to 100mm of armor—enough to cripple German Panzers and Japanese tanks. Image source: U.S. Army Signal Corps/Wikimedia

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Technology 101: Floppy Disk Revolution: Why 1.44 MB Changed Everything

Floppy Disk Computing Storage

The floppy disk was a portable magnetic storage medium introduced by IBM in 1971. Initially, an 8-inch flexible disk encased in a cardboard jacket holding about 80 KB of data, it evolved into the rigid 5.25-inch version (up to 1.2 MB) in the late 1970s and the ubiquitous 3.5-inch hard-shell format (1.44 MB standard) by the mid-1980s, popularized by Apple’s Macintosh and Sony’s design. Data was written and read via a spinning disk coated with magnetic material, accessed through a sliding metal shutter, making it ideal for transferring files, distributing software, and booting systems. Image source: Wikimedia/George Chernilevsky

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Economy 101: Rare Earth – Understanding the Robust Economy

Rare Earth Minerals Economy

The following rare earth oxides, listed clockwise from the top center, are commonly used for tracking sediment movement and pinpointing erosion sources with high precision: praseodymium oxide (Pr₆O₁₁), cerium oxide (CeO₂), lanthanum oxide (La₂O₃), neodymium oxide (Nd₂O₃), samarium oxide (Sm₂O₃), and gadolinium oxide (Gd₂O₃). Each oxide is selected for its unique signature, enabling scientists to map sediment transport, assess erosion rates, and inform watershed management strategies to mitigate environmental degradation. Image source: Wikimedia/By Peggy Greb (US Department of Agriculture)

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Know Your Car Basics 101: Car Transmissions: Pros and Cons, and Future Trends

Automatic Transmission Car Gearbox

A cutaway view of a 2007 Toyota AA80E hydraulic automatic transmission reveals the intricate internal components that enable its sophisticated operation within a vehicle’s powertrain. This eight-speed automatic transmission, designed for optimal performance and efficiency, showcases a complex arrangement of planetary gear sets, clutches, and bands that work in unison to deliver seamless gear shifts. Image source: Wikimedia / Silverxxx

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Military 101: Modern Anti-Tank Missiles: A Global Perspective

RPG-7 Anti-Tank Missile Russian Weapon Missiles rocket-propelled grenade Afghan National Army

The RPG-7, short for Ruchnoy Protivotankoviy Granatomet (Hand-held Anti-Tank Grenade Launcher), is a portable, reusable, unguided, shoulder-launched anti-tank rocket-propelled grenade launcher developed by the Soviet Union in the 1960s as a successor to the RPG-2, with roots tracing back to World War II-era designs like the German Panzerfaust and American Bazooka. Image source: Staff Sgt. Ezekiel Kitandwe / Wikimedia

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Know Your Car Basics 101: Bad Car Starter – Crucial Engine Component

Starter Motor Engine Ignition Car Vehicle Engineering

A car starter motor is a compact electric motor designed to crank an internal combustion engine to initiate its operation. When the ignition key is turned or the start button is pressed, the starter motor draws power from the car’s battery to rotate the engine’s crankshaft, creating the initial combustion needed for the engine to run independently. Typically, it engages the engine’s flywheel via a small gear called a pinion, which retracts once the engine starts to prevent damage. Image source: Samarins

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Military 101: Modern Assault Rifles: A Global Perspective

M16 AK47 Assault Rifle Weapon Military

The M16 and AK-47 are iconic assault rifles with distinct characteristics: the M16, designed by Eugene Stoner and adopted by the U.S. military, is a lightweight, accurate, gas-operated rifle firing 5.56x45mm NATO rounds, offering a high rate of fire and effective range of around 600 meters, but it requires regular maintenance to avoid jamming in harsh conditions; in contrast, the AK-47, designed by Mikhail Kalashnikov for the Soviet Union, is a rugged, reliable, gas-operated rifle using 7.62x39mm rounds, with a shorter effective range of about 400 meters and less accuracy but superior durability and ease of use in adverse environments, making it a favorite in guerrilla warfare and among militaries worldwide. Image source: Wikipedia/Auge=mit – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0

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Space 101: The Big Search for The Elusive Extraterrestrial Life

SETI NRAO Extraterrestrial NASA Space Alien Astronomy

While no definitive evidence of extraterrestrial life has been confirmed, the sheer scale of the cosmos, coupled with the resilience of life in extreme Earth environments, strongly suggests we are not alone. The vastness of the universe, with its billions of galaxies, each containing billions of stars and potentially trillions of planets, makes it statistically improbable that Earth is the only planet harboring life. Image source: National Radio Astronomy Observatory

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Know Your Car Basics 101: Important Fuel Efficiency Secrets

Petrol Station Subsidy Malaysia Fuel Efficiency

Fuel efficiency refers to the ability of a vehicle or system to maximize the distance traveled or work performed per unit of fuel consumed, typically measured in miles per gallon (MPG) or liters per 100 kilometers (L/100 km). It is influenced by factors such as engine design, vehicle weight, aerodynamics, driving habits, and road conditions. Efficient fuel use reduces costs, lowers greenhouse gas emissions, and conserves natural resources, making it a critical focus for sustainable transportation. Photo by Sergio Souza from Pexels

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Nature 101: Embracing Sustainable Living: Tips for a Greener Lifestyle

Green Sustainable Agriculture Environment

A green, sustainable lifestyle involves adopting practices that minimize environmental impact and promote ecological balance while meeting personal needs. It emphasizes reducing energy consumption through renewable sources, conserving water, minimizing waste via recycling and composting, and choosing eco-friendly products like biodegradable goods or second-hand items. Photo by Zen Chung / Pexels

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Military 101: India’s Formidable, Impressive Air Defence System

Air Defence System India Russia

The Vostok radar system is a family of advanced, mobile, 3D air surveillance radars developed by Russia, primarily for air defence and early warning. Designed by Almaz-Antey, it operates in the VHF band, offering long-range detection and tracking of various airborne targets up to 600 km away, including aircraft, missiles, and drones, even in challenging environments with electronic countermeasures. Image source: Unsplash

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